Toxic shock syndrome is a severe disease that involves fever, shock, and problems with the function of several body organs.

Toxic shock syndrome is caused by a toxin produced by certain types of Staphylococcus bacteria. A similar syndrome, called toxic shock-like syndrome (TSLS), can be caused by Streptococcal bacteria.

Although the earliest described cases of toxic shock syndrome involved women who were using tampons during their periods (menstruation), just slightly over half of current cases are associated with such events. Toxic shock syndrome can also occur in children, postmenopausal women, and men.

Risk factors include:

• Childbirth
• Current Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infection
• Foreign bodies or packings (such as those used to stop nosebleeds)
• Menstruation
• Surgery
• Tampon use (particularly if you leave on in for a long time)
• Use of barrier contraceptives such as a diaphragm or vaginal sponge