Cutaneous Anthrax

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Overview, Causes, & Risk Factors

Anthrax is caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. While anthrax commonly affects hoofed animals such as sheep and goats, humans may acquire this disease as well. Cutaneous anthrax is the main form of anthrax worldwide, accounting for 95% of all anthrax cases.

Historically, the main risk factor for acquiring cutaneous anthrax is contact with animal hides or hair, bone products, and wool, as well as contact with infected animals. Hence, the populations most at risk for anthrax include farm workers, veterinarians, and tannery and wool workers.

Cutaneous anthrax is an anthrax infection of the skin. The disease occurs after the bacteria contact skin cuts or abrasions. Usually within two weeks, an itchy skin lesion develops (similar to an insect bite). This lesion may later blister and then break down, resulting in a black ulcer, which is frequently painless. The skin lesion is usually surrounded by significant swelling. Sometimes painful lymph nodes may develop. A scar is often formed, which then dries and falls off within two weeks.

In 20% of UN-treated individuals, the infection may spread through the bloodstream and become fatal. However, in most individuals who receive appropriate treatment, death is extremely rare.

Anthrax is a potential agent for use as a biological weapon or for bio-terrorism. While at least 17 nations are believed to have a biological weapons program, it is unknown how many nations or groups are working with anthrax. Most bio-terrorism experts have concluded that it is technologically difficult to use anthrax effectively as a weapon on a large scale.

Cutaneous anthrax would most likely occur by direct contact of anthrax spores with non-intact skin.