Crying in infancy is described as a loud, high-pitched sound made by infants in response to certain situations.

Infants have a cry reflex that is a normal response to some stimuli, such as pain or hunger. Older children and adults cry for emotional reasons such as pain, fear, sadness, or frustration. Premature infants may not have a cry reflex, so they must be monitored closely for signs of hunger and pain.

See also: Crying in childhood

A cry is the infant's first verbal communication. It can be interpreted as a message of urgency or distress. The sound is nature's way of ensuring that adults attend to the baby as quickly as possible, because few people can simply listen to a crying baby.

Almost everyone recognizes that infants cry for many reasons and that crying is a normal part of infancy. However, the stress and anxiety that parents experience in response to frequent or constant crying can be considerable.

The sound is perceived as an alarm, and it is very frustrating not to be able to figure out what's wrong and soothe the baby. Parents, especially first-time parents, begin to question their ability to cope if the child frequently cannot be comforted.

WHY INFANTS CRY

At times, infants cry for no apparent reason. In general, though, crying is a response to something. It is sometimes difficult to figure out what is bothering the infant at the time. Some possible reasons include:

• Hunger. Newborns want to eat day and night, often every 2 - 3 hours.
• Pain caused by gas and or intestinal spasms after feedings. The pain develops if the baby has been fed too much or not burped enough. Foods that a breast-feeding mother eats may cause gas or pain in her child.
• Colic. Many infants ages 3 weeks - 3 months develop a crying pattern associated with colic. Colic is a normal part of development that may be triggered by many factors. It usually occurs in the late afternoon or evening hours.
• Discomfort, such as from a wet diaper.
• Feeling too hot or too cold. Babies may also cry from feeling too wrapped up in their blanket, or from wanting to be bundled up tightly.
• Too much noise, light, or activity. These can slowly or suddenly overwhelm your baby.

Crying is probably part of the normal development of the central nervous system. Many parents say they can hear a difference in tone between a cry for feeding and a cry caused by pain.

WHAT TO DO WHEN A BABY IS CRYING

When you are not sure why your baby is crying, try eliminating the sources that you can address:

• Make sure the baby is breathing easily and the fingers, toes, and lips are pink and warm.
• Check for swelling, redness, wetness, rashes, cold fingers and toes, twisted arms or legs, folded earlobes, or pinched fingers or toes.
• Make sure the baby is not hungry. Do not delay for long when your baby shows signs of hunger.
• Make sure you are feeding the child the proper amount and burping the baby correctly.
• Check to see that your baby is not too cold or too hot.
• Check to see whether the diaper needs to be changed.
• Make sure there is not too much noise, light, or wind, or not enough stimulation and interaction.

Here are a few ways to soothe a crying baby:

• Try playing soft, gentle music for comfort.
• Talk to your baby. The sound of your voice may be reassuring. Your baby may also be calmed by the hum or sound of a fan or clothes dryer.
• Change the infant's position.
• Hold your baby close to your chest. Sometimes, infants need to experience familiar sensations, such as the sound of your voice in your chest, your heartbeat, the feel of your skin, the smell of your breath, the movement of your body, and the comfort of your hug. In the past, babies were held constantly and the absence of a parent meant danger from predators or abandonment. You cannot spoil a baby by holding him or her during infancy.

If the crying continues for longer than usual and your baby is not consoled by any of the methods listed above, call a health care provider for advice.

Try to get enough rest. Exhausted parents are less able to care for their baby. Use the resources of family, friends, or outside caregivers to allow yourself time to recover your energy. This will also be helpful for your baby. It does not mean that you are a bad parent or are abandoning your child.

For most of human history, people raised their children with the aid of extended families, so there was less pressure on the parents than there is now. A baby's grandparents may be very helpful. Don't worry that they won't do everything the way you would. As long as they are taking safety precautions and comforting the baby when necessary, you may be sure that your child is well cared for during your break.

Call your health care provider immediately if your baby's crying is associated with any significant symptoms, such as fever, diarrhea, vomiting, rash, breathing difficulty, or other signs of illness.