Acne

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Overview, Causes, & Risk Factors

The condition occurs when tiny holes on the surface of the skin, called pores, become plugged. Each pore is an opening to a canal called a follicle, which contains a hair and an oil gland. Normally, the oil glands help keep the skin lubricated and help remove old skin cells. When glands produce too much oil, the pores can become blocked, accumulating dirt, debris, and bacteria. The blockage or plug is often called a comedone.

The top of the plug may be white (whitehead) or dark (blackhead). If the comodone ruptures, the material inside, including oil and bacteria, can spread to the surrounding area and cause an inflammatory reaction. The inflammation usually takes the form of pimples or "zits". If the inflammation is deep in your skin, the pimples may enlarge to form firm, painful cysts.

Acne commonly appears on the face and shoulders, but may also occur on the trunk, arms, legs, and buttocks.

Acne is most common in teenagers, but it can happen at an age, including as an infant. Three out of four teenagers have acne to some extent, probably caused by hormonal changes that stimulate oil production. It may persist into a person's 30s and 40s.

Acne tends to run in families and can be triggered by:

• Hormonal changes related to menstrual periods, pregnancy, birth control pills, or stress.
• Greasy or oily cosmetic and hair products.
• Certain drugs (such as steroids, testosterone, estrogen, lithium, phenytoin for seizures, and isoniazid for tuberculosis).
• High levels of humidity.
• Sweating a lot or friction from head bands, back packs, or tight collars.

Despite the popular belief that certain foods (like chocolate and nuts) may aggrevate acne, this does not seem to be true.